Socio-economic impacts of marine protected areas (MPAs) on communities in Kenya

The conservation of Kenya’s marine environment is a vital aspect of broader environmental efforts. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been established to promote tourism and conserve marine biodiversity, addressing threats such as overfishing, pollution, and climate change. However, their establishment has also led to conflicts over resource use, particularly between national conservation agencies like the Kenya Wildlife Service and local fishing communities. Additionally, large-scale coastal developments pose further risks to biodiversity and ecosystem services.

This study uses systematic literature review and combined with three in-depth case studies of MPAs in Malindi, Kisite-Mpunguti, and Watamu. The study objective is to evaluate whether MPAs effectively balance marine biodiversity conservation with the socio-economic needs of local fishing communities, and identify barriers to inclusive and sustainable MPA management. The study contributes to the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 13 (Climate Action) through natural climate buffers; SDG 14 (Life Below Water) through biodiversity conservation and sustainable fisheries; and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) via support for alternative livelihoods.

Findings suggest that a balance between conservation and livelihood sustainability is essential. Results reveal that well-managed MPAs can contribute to increased fish stocks, enhanced tourism revenue, and improved climate resilience through the conservation of coral reefs and mangrove ecosystems. However, the study also found that local fishermen hold highly negative attitudes toward MPAs due to exclusion from decision-making and a lack of alternative income sources among others. In addition, lack of coordination and consultation among institutions managing coastal areas intensifies marine resource-use conflict between conservation efforts and community needs.

The study recommends a balanced approach to MPA establishment in Kenya, ensuring both marine conservation and community well-being. A multidisciplinary approach incorporating community participation to minimize conflicts and maximize MPAs’ contributions to multiple SDGs while safeguarding the livelihoods of coastal communities.

Keywords: Conservation, Food Security, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Action Area: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Sustainable Fisheries.