Biology and status of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) stocks on the Kenyan coast

Groupers are apex predators that are believed to play crucial roles in ecosystems, so any loss or decline of these species in coral reefs can adversely affect ecosystem stability. Epinephelus fuscoguttatus is currently categorized as Vulnerable (VU) from its previous near threatened (NT) category. Information about their biological and ecological status is limited to assist in formulating management plans for the species in Kenya. Therefore, we aimed to provide baseline scientific information on the biology of E. fuscoguttatus, to enable formulation of sustainable management strategies. Sampling was conducted for one year at two fish landing sites along the Kenyan coast: Shimoni and Mayungu. Exploitation rate, size at maturity (L50), GSI, and fecundity were estimated. We found that E. fuscoguttatus was currently exploited above an optimum level, (E = 0.9). Length at maturity L50 was 59.50 cm for males and 48.2 cm for females, and mean fecundity was 509,121 eggs/female/year. The gonadosomatic index was highest in June and December, but ripe females were identified in several months to suggest a protracted spawning period. The exploitation rate of E. fuscoguttatus was not sustainable. Consequently, we recommend reducing fishing effort to biologically sustainable levels to enhance recovery.